What is the federal minimum wage for students?

If you’re a student looking for your first job or considering part-time work alongside your studies, understanding wage laws is crucial. Many young workers assume that the federal minimum wage for students differs from the standard minimum wage, but the reality is more straightforward than you might think. The current federal minimum wage for students is the same as it is for all other workers: $7.25 per hour, as set by the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) in 2009.

However, this straightforward answer masks a more complex landscape. Several states and municipalities have implemented their own minimum wage laws that exceed the federal standard, and some employers have chosen to pay even more. Additionally, certain exceptions and rules apply to student workers that you need to understand to protect your rights and make informed decisions about employment.

Whether you’re flipping burgers at a fast-food restaurant or working as a resident assistant on campus, knowing your rights regarding minimum wage can help you negotiate fair compensation and understand what employers can legally pay you. This guide breaks down everything you need to know about student minimum wage requirements.

Federal Minimum Wage Requirements

The federal minimum wage for students follows the same regulations as any other worker in the United States. Since 2009, this rate has remained at $7.25 per hour, making it one of the longest periods without an increase in modern history. This federal baseline is enforced by the Department of Labor and applies to most private sector employees.

It’s important to note that employers cannot pay student workers less than the federal minimum wage for student positions, even if they claim to be offering “training” or educational opportunities. The FLSA protects all workers, regardless of age or student status, with certain narrow exceptions for specific industries like agriculture and family-owned businesses.

However, the federal minimum wage for students is rarely the amount you’ll actually earn in most parts of the country. This is because state and local laws often set higher minimums, and employers must pay whichever rate is highest. For example, if you work in California, you’re entitled to at least $16.00 per hour as of 2024, significantly more than the federal minimum wage for students or any other worker.

State Variations That Affect Student Workers

Understanding state-specific minimum wage laws is critical for any student considering employment. As of 2024, 31 states and Washington, D.C., have minimum wages higher than the federal standard. These variations can significantly impact your earning potential depending on where you live or study.

California leads with one of the highest minimum wages at $16.00 per hour, while Massachusetts comes in at $15.00 per hour. Meanwhile, some states like Georgia and Idaho still maintain the federal minimum wage of $7.25 per hour. If you’re a student living in one of these lower-wage states, you might be earning less than peers in other regions for identical work.

Consider this practical example: a student working 20 hours per week at a retail job in Massachusetts would earn $300 weekly, compared to $145 weekly in a state with the federal minimum wage for students. Over a semester of 15 weeks, that’s a difference of $2,325—significant money for a student budget.

Some states also implement annual increases tied to inflation. New York, for instance, gradually increases its minimum wage each year. If you’re planning to work as a student, researching your state’s current minimum wage and planned increases helps you budget accurately and understand your earning potential.

Special Circumstances and Exceptions

While the federal minimum wage for students provides baseline protection, several exceptions exist that employers might try to use. One common misconception is that students can be paid less in certain situations, but the FLSA is quite clear: most workers must receive at least the minimum wage.

However, the federal government does allow a “subminimum wage” for workers under 20 years old during their first 90 consecutive calendar days of employment. Employers can legally pay workers under 20 just $4.25 per hour, which is substantially below the federal minimum wage for students. After 90 days, they must transition to the full minimum wage. This provision rarely applies since most states prohibit this practice, and many employers choose not to use it to maintain good employer-employee relations.

Another exception involves work-study programs at educational institutions. Students participating in federally funded work-study programs may receive different compensation structures, though they typically cannot earn less than the minimum wage. Work-study rates are often comparable to or better than minimum wage due to the educational nature of the positions.

Additionally, some states allow exceptions for tipped employees, though rules vary significantly. If you’re considering a tipped position like restaurant server or barista while studying, understand that federal law requires a minimum cash wage of $2.13 per hour for tipped employees, with tips making up the difference to reach minimum wage. However, many states mandate higher base wages for tipped workers—California requires the full minimum wage even before tips.

Practical Tips for Student Workers

Understanding your rights is the first step, but advocating for yourself requires practical knowledge. Before accepting any job, always ask about the hourly rate and clarify whether tips are included in the quoted wage. Request written confirmation of your pay rate and understand your state’s specific minimum wage laws rather than assuming federal standards apply.

If your employer offers less than your state’s minimum wage for students or any worker, you have legal recourse. Contact your state’s Department of Labor or the federal Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division to file a complaint. These agencies investigate violations and can help recover unpaid wages.

When searching for employment, remember that many employers, especially larger corporations and established businesses, pay significantly above minimum wage to attract and retain quality employees. Target employers known for competitive entry-level wages. For instance, many retail chains now start employees at $15-$18 per hour, well above minimum wage.

Finally, track your hours carefully. Keep personal records of when you clocked in and out, particularly if your workplace uses manual time-tracking systems. Wage theft—intentional or accidental underpayment—is unfortunately common, and maintaining accurate records protects you. Many free smartphone apps can help you document work hours, creating evidence if disputes arise.

Key Takeaways About Student Minimum Wage

The federal minimum wage for students is $7.25 per hour, though your actual earnings depend heavily on your location and employer. State and local laws often establish higher minimums, so research your specific area before accepting employment. Most states now require wages ranging from $10 to $16 per hour, substantially exceeding the federal standard.

Protect yourself by understanding applicable laws, maintaining accurate time records, and knowing you have legal recourse if wages fall below requirements. Whether you’re earning $7.25 or $16.00 per hour, you deserve fair compensation for your work. Use this knowledge to make informed employment decisions that support your education and financial goals.